{"id":2336,"date":"2019-10-04T19:14:48","date_gmt":"2019-10-04T17:14:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nyje.al\/?p=2336"},"modified":"2024-09-04T12:32:06","modified_gmt":"2024-09-04T10:32:06","slug":"termetet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nyje.al\/sq\/termetet\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ebrmetet"},"content":{"rendered":"
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01.10.2019 | nyje.al\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

\"\"<\/a><\/span>Sot u ndje fuqia godit\u00ebse e nj\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb goditi 1km larg Durr\u00ebsit n\u00eb or\u00ebn 12:22 me magnitud\u00eb 3.7 (III Ball\u00eb) q\u00eb u ndje shum\u00eb leht\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Tiran\u00eb, kryesisht n\u00eb katet e larta t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtesave.<\/span><\/p>

N\u00eb vazhd\u00ebn e \u201cl\u00ebkundjeve q\u00eb vijn\u00eb si pasoj\u00eb e l\u00ebvizjeve\u201d, jemi mbledhur nj\u00eb grup shkencor i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga profesionist\u00eb t\u00eb fushave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb Nd\u00ebrtimit dhe Zhvillimit Urban me synimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nj\u00eb vrojtim t\u00eb shkurtuar shkencor dhe edukativ rreth t\u00ebrmeteve q\u00eb u ndjen\u00eb pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb jav\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe panikut publik q\u00eb pasoi n\u00eb kryeqytet dhe zona t\u00eb tjera pran\u00eb. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjeje duam t\u2019i japim lexuesve nj\u00eb panoram\u00eb t\u00eb fenomenit t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u2019i ndihmoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar mbi situat\u00ebn dhe rrjedhimisht zvog\u00ebluar panikun duke ruajtur qet\u00ebsin\u00eb n\u00eb rast p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjeje. Na duhet t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb se t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e m\u00ebposhtme nuk e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim publik nga ana e autoriteteve shtet\u00ebrore, mediave apo instituteve komb\u00ebtare e nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare.<\/span><\/p>

T\u00ebrmeti q\u00eb goditi Durr\u00ebsin m\u00eb dat\u00eb 21 shtator, me vendndodhje rreth 1.5 km larg bregut n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi t\u00eb Rezervatit n\u00eb Rrushkull (29 km n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi), i nj\u00eb magnitude prej 5.8 Rihter dhe intensitet VII t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb Merkalit t\u00eb modifikuar, u ndje me dhjet\u00ebra kilometra larg e u pasua nga nj\u00eb i dyt\u00eb 11 minuta m\u00eb von\u00eb me 5.3 Rihter ose VI Ball\u00eb t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb Merkalit (38 km n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi). Gjat\u00eb jav\u00ebs u ndjen\u00eb edhe t\u00ebrmete t\u00eb tjera m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla (nga gjithsej 62 t\u00eb regjistruara, 45 prej t\u00eb cilave vet\u00ebm n\u00eb dy dit\u00ebt n\u00eb vijim), por vet\u00ebm disa prej tyre mund t\u00eb dalloheshin nga shqisat e njeriut.
<\/span>T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr regjistrimin e t\u00ebrmeteve jan\u00eb marr\u00eb nga Instituti i Gjeoshkencave, Energjis\u00eb, Ujit dhe Mjedisit – http:\/\/www.geo.edu.al\/newweb\/?fq=hartatotal<\/a><\/span><\/p>

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb n\u00eb media publike, t\u00eb shtypit dhe dixhitale, u shp\u00ebrnda nj\u00eb lajm q\u00eb parashikonte ndodhin\u00eb e nj\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb or\u00eb t\u00eb von\u00eb t\u00eb mbr\u00ebmjes pasuar nga lajme t\u00eb fryra q\u00eb i rend\u00ebn pas. K\u00ebshtu ndodhi edhe me mediatizimin q\u00eb iu b\u00eb stuhis\u00eb s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb vjesht\u00ebs dy dit\u00ebt e para t\u00eb jav\u00ebs vijuese, t\u00eb cilat edhe pse ishin paralajm\u00ebruar q\u00eb 5 dit\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt, fal\u00eb lidhjes mediatike bes\u00ebtytnore me t\u00ebrmetet i shtuan panik dhe konfuzion situat\u00ebs n\u00eb vend. P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb mir\u00eb apo jo, rrjedhoja e gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj qe vet\u00ebm paniku i shtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn njer\u00ebzit nuk qen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur. U vu re gjithashtu nj\u00eb munges\u00eb njohurie mbi fenomenin e t\u00ebrmetit, si nga ana konceptuale ashtu edhe me termat n\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrshkruhet.<\/span><\/p>

Le ta trajtojm\u00eb pak fenomenin. T\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb l\u00ebkundje n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e tok\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb dhe objektet e lidhura me t\u00eb si rrug\u00eb, godina, ura, shtylla infrastrukture, pem\u00eb, etj. K\u00ebto l\u00ebkundje shkaktohen nga fenomene t\u00eb ndryshme fizike q\u00eb shoq\u00ebrohen me \u00e7lirim energjie n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb (lito-sfera, nga greqishtja litos-gur, shtresa m\u00eb e fort\u00eb shk\u00ebmbore e akumuluar n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e planetit). L\u00ebkundjet p\u00ebrcillen n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb n\u00eb trajt\u00ebn e val\u00ebve sizmike. Shkenca q\u00eb merret me studimin e t\u00ebrmeteve njihet si Sizmologjia.<\/span>
Fenomenet q\u00eb i shkaktojn\u00eb t\u00ebrmetet i ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb dy kategori sipas shkakut: me origjin\u00eb natyrore dhe njer\u00ebzore. T\u00ebrmetet me origjin\u00eb natyrore<\/strong>, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb ato t\u00eb shkaktuara nga l\u00ebvizja e pllakave tektonike, shp\u00ebrthimet vullkanike, l\u00ebvizjet magmatike, rr\u00ebshqitjet masive t\u00eb dheut, etj. jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fortat dhe t\u00eb rrezikshmet. Ato me origjin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore<\/strong> (antropogjene) q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00ebrmetet nga shp\u00ebrthimet masive, nga shp\u00ebrthimet gjat\u00eb shpimeve p\u00ebr naft\u00eb, nga shp\u00ebrthimet b\u00ebrthamore, etj., n\u00eb krahasim me fenomenet natyrore konsiderohen m\u00eb t\u00eb buta dhe t\u00eb menaxhueshme nga perspektiva e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit. T\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme. Num\u00ebrohen rreth 500’000 t\u00ebrmete \u00e7do vit, 100’000 prej t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb t\u00eb dallueshme me trup.<\/span><\/p>

Ka dy sisteme kryesore p\u00ebr matjen e efekteve t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve:<\/span>
1. me baz\u00eb intensitetin<\/strong> – dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb kategori q\u00eb rendisin efektet shkat\u00ebrruese t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve nga m\u00eb t\u00eb voglat deri te m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhat\u00eb. Nj\u00ebsia mat\u00ebse e intensitetit t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve i referohet ekuacioneve t\u00eb vullkanologut italian Giuzeppe Mercalli t\u00eb modifikuara p\u00ebr standardet e sotme. K\u00ebto shkall\u00eb sh\u00ebnohen zakonisht me numra romak, nd\u00ebrkaq n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri ndarjet e k\u00ebtij kategorizimi shprehen me Ball\u00eb.<\/span>
2. me baz\u00eb magnitud\u00ebn<\/strong> \u2013 9 intervale numerike q\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtuar shprehin amplitud\u00ebn e l\u00ebkundjes dhe energjin\u00eb e \u00e7liruar n\u00eb distanc\u00eb nga burimi i t\u00ebrmetit. Nj\u00ebsia mat\u00ebse e magnitud\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve \u00ebsht\u00eb Rihter, marr\u00ebveshje n\u00eb nder t\u00eb sizmologut amerikan Charles Francis Richter. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb baz\u00ebs logaritmike t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs, rritja me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb magnitud\u00eb, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson rritje 10 her\u00eb n\u00eb amplitud\u00eb dhe rreth 30 her\u00eb n\u00eb energji t\u00eb \u00e7liruar.<\/span><\/p>

Nga natyra e fenomenit t\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb T\u00cb PAPARASHIKUESHME<\/strong> n\u00eb koh\u00eb, vend dhe fuqi – ato jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb pritshme n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, vendit dhe fuqis\u00eb me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kan\u00eb goditur n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur fal\u00eb koh\u00ebs miliona vje\u00e7are t\u00eb cikleve litologjike (shk\u00ebmb-formuese) n\u00eb krahasim me jet\u00ebgjat\u00ebsin\u00eb e njeriut. Hartat sizmike ekzistojn\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb gjenden leht\u00eb.<\/span>
Zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb planetit kan\u00eb ngjarje sizmike me magnitud\u00eb dhe perioda t\u00eb ndryshme: p.sh. i gjith\u00eb territori i republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb luhatet nga intensiteti VI deri n\u00eb IX. Prof. Dr. Luljeta Bozo (Inxhiniere Nd\u00ebrtimi) krahas pozicionit gjeografik midis dy pllakave tektonike (Euroaziatike dhe Afrikane) thekson ekzistenc\u00ebn e tre \u00e7arjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha tektonike n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb: ajo e bregdetit veri-jug, Shkup-Dib\u00ebr e Madhe-Tepelen\u00eb, dhe ajo Kor\u00e7\u00eb-Pogradec-Greqi. K\u00ebto \u00e7arje jan\u00eb identifikuar qart\u00eb nga Instituti i Sizmologjik n\u00eb botimin Seismic Regionalization of the PSR of Albania, Academy of Science – Seismological Center, Tirana: 1980.<\/span><\/p>

Nga I deri n\u00eb III Ball\u00eb<\/strong> (intensiteti 1.0-3.9) t\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb nga t\u00eb pandjeshme deri n\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeshme lehtsh\u00ebm dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb pad\u00ebmshme p\u00ebr strukturat e godinave civile. Nga IV deri n\u00eb IX Ball\u00eb<\/strong> (4.0-6.9 Rihter) jan\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikshme deri n\u00eb vdekjeprurese por t\u00eb menaxhueshme nga njeriu. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrfshihen t\u00eb gjitha kategorit\u00eb t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb mbijetohen nga njer\u00ebzit. Nga IX deri n\u00eb XII Ball\u00eb<\/strong> (mbi 7.0 Rihter) nuk ka m\u00eb dor\u00eb njeriu q\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyj\u00eb n\u00eb situat\u00eb dhe n\u00ebse i shp\u00ebton gjall\u00eb probabilitetit gati t\u00eb pamundur ndodh vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fatit.<\/span>
T\u00ebrmetet shkaktojn\u00eb d\u00ebme me kosto shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha riparimi ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb vepra t\u00eb m\u00ebdha nd\u00ebrtimi si diga, ura, tunele, etj., me raste dhe t\u00eb pa-riparueshme. Krahasimisht, d\u00ebmet e shkaktuara nga t\u00ebrmeti i dat\u00ebs 21 qen\u00eb minimale (kryesisht plasaritje suvash, krisje xhamash, etj.). N\u00eb t\u00eb shkuar\u00ebn n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri ka pasur t\u00ebrmete me d\u00ebme shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, si ai q\u00eb goditi fush\u00ebn e Myzeqes\u00eb me M=6.2 (XVIII-IX) n\u00eb vitin 1959 me rreth 1\u2019000 sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruara, Librazhd e Dib\u00ebr me M=6.6 (IX) n\u00eb vitin 1967 me 12 viktma, 174 te plagosur e 6\u2019300 nd\u00ebrtesa t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruara, n\u00eb Shkod\u00ebr n\u00eb vitin 1979 me M=6.7 (IX) me 40 viktima e rreth 17\u2019000 sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruara. Nd\u00ebrkaq n\u00eb bot\u00eb ka pasur t\u00ebrmete edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb forta, si ai n\u00eb Japoni me M=7.8 n\u00eb vtin 1983 (VIII), Alask\u00eb me M=8.7 n\u00eb 1965(VI), apo n\u00eb Sumatra me M=9.1 n\u00eb 2004 q\u00eb u shoq\u00ebrua dhe me cunami t\u00eb fuqishme. M\u00eb i fuqishmi i regjistruar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ka ndodhur n\u00eb Kili n\u00eb 1960 me M=9.5 (XII) me 1\u2019000 – 7\u2019000 viktima dhe rreth 2\u2019000\u2019000 t\u00eb pastreh\u00eb. Ai zgjati rreth 10 minuta, p\u00ebrndryshe nga ai i Durr\u00ebsit q\u00eb zgjati 17 sekonda.<\/span><\/p>

Sipas standardeve t\u00eb projektimit n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb (KTP 1989), objektet e sotme civile nd\u00ebrtohen me siguri relativisht t\u00eb lart\u00eb antizismike (m\u00eb shum\u00eb se VII Ball\u00eb). P\u00ebr shembull, objektet e nd\u00ebrtuara para 1990 nuk i tremben t\u00ebrmeteve t\u00eb magnitud\u00ebs s\u00eb 21 shtatorit. Godina e Teatrit Komb\u00ebtar p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb rast t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb materialeve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit, edhe pse daton ende m\u00eb her\u00ebt, sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur pupulit n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e mureve t\u00eb saj gj\u00eb q\u00eb e b\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb, rrit elasticitetin dhe durueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e mureve nga l\u00ebkundjet e objektit, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb struktura e kombinuar beton-arme dhe dru mban objektin n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb. Vlen t\u00eb theksohet se materiali i pupulitit (me baz\u00eb fibrash plepi) duke qen\u00eb mir\u00ebfilli ekologjik (i degraduesh\u00ebm n\u00eb natyr\u00eb), n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb e at\u00ebhershme t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit ka q\u00ebn\u00eb shum\u00eb inovativ. Kjo gj\u00eb e b\u00ebn godin\u00ebn e sotme t\u00eb Teatrit Komb\u00ebtar q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb monument promovues i teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb sh\u00ebndetsh\u00ebm edhe sot.<\/span><\/p>

Mir\u00ebpo ai kod (KTP 1989) q\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb ende ta p\u00ebrdorim edhe sot, kur hyri n\u00eb fuqi i referohej planeve t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb shtrirjes urbane t\u00eb qyteteve dhe projektimeve p\u00ebr zhvillim dhe rritje n\u00eb vitin 1989. Sot planet, kuadri ligjor p\u00ebr rritje e zhvillim si dhe vizioni strategjik kan\u00eb ndryshuar deri me dhjet\u00ebra her\u00eb, por kurr\u00eb nuk u p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuan standardet e projektimit. Vlen t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb q\u00eb objektet e nd\u00ebrtuara n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb nga teoria e praktikave t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit dhe vendbanimeve nuk p\u00ebrfshihen as te standardet e vjetra as te t\u00eb rejat. Ato i p\u00ebrkasin nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb err\u00ebt t\u00eb qytet\u00ebrimit modern t\u00eb pa-reflektuar mjaftuesh\u00ebm shoq\u00ebrisht, trajtuar shpesh si periudha e \u201cnd\u00ebrtimeve t\u00eb paligjshme\u201d tashm\u00eb e p\u00ebrbrend\u00ebsuar n\u00eb instrumentat m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb planifikimit vendor (Planet Vendore). \u00c7\u00ebshtja e nd\u00ebrtimeve \u201ct\u00eb paligjshme\u201d nuk mund t\u00eb rregullohet as vet\u00ebm me ligj e aq m\u00eb pak me \u201clegalizim\u201d. Sepse legalizimi i nj\u00eb situate t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb vet\u00ebm mund ta r\u00ebndoj\u00eb gjendjen. P\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar at\u00eb nevojiten studime t\u00eb thelluara me inspektime profesionale n\u00eb \u00e7do objekt t\u00eb till\u00eb, me synimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb llogaritur dhe marr\u00eb masat e nevojshme t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjes p\u00ebr ta kthyer objektin e nd\u00ebrtimit ose habitatin n\u00eb gjendjen e tij t\u00eb banueshme.<\/span><\/p>

Por p\u00ebrve\u00e7 objekteve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuara \u201cn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb\u201d jasht\u00eb standardeve, jan\u00eb edhe objektet e nd\u00ebrtuara \u201cme detyrim\u201d jasht\u00eb standardeve. Si\u00e7 thekson Prof. Dr. Fisnik Kadiu (Inxhinier Nd\u00ebrtimi), disa projektues sot i referohen EuroKodeve p\u00ebr t\u00eb projektuar. Mir\u00ebpo p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit q\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb personale p\u00ebrdorimi i tyre (sepse me ligj duhen respektuar ato t\u00eb 1989), EuroKodet duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtaten sipas zonave gjeografike n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren.<\/span>
Th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, godinat civile projektohen me synimin q\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb hap\u00ebsirat m\u00eb t\u00eb sigurta n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rastet e p\u00ebrballueshme t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve (me intensitet nga I-IX). Por inxhinier\u00ebt n\u00eb Rep. e Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruar ose t\u00eb rrezikojn\u00eb sigurin\u00eb e banor\u00ebve duke projektuar me standarde t\u00eb pap\u00ebrputhshme me k\u00ebrkesat e reja p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtime, ose t\u00eb rrezikojn\u00eb profesionin me burg duke llogaritur jasht\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave ligjore, por brenda parametrave t\u00eb siguris\u00eb teknike bashk\u00ebkohore.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

P\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb ndaj t\u00ebrmeteve masat q\u00eb merren ndahen n\u00eb dy kategori: masa para<\/strong>prake dhe masa urgjente pas<\/strong> katastrofave. Masat paraprake i kan\u00eb kat\u00ebr shtylla kryesore t\u00eb siguruara nga shteti:<\/span>
a. Standardet e projektimit<\/strong> t\u00eb objekteve n\u00eb territor, si Kodet e projektimit p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb n\u00eb godinat civile, shp\u00ebrndarje e zonave t\u00eb lejuara p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtime, masa e detyrueshme antisizmike, etj.<\/span>
b. Parap\u00ebrgatitja e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb urgjencave<\/strong> p\u00ebr rreziqet e t\u00ebrmeteve me kapacitete dhe pajisje, si spitalet, zjarrfik\u00ebset dhe policia.<\/span>
c. Edukimi<\/strong> me fenomenin dhe sjelljen, n\u00eb shkolla – kopshte, media, bashki, institute shkencore dhe sizmologjike, etj.<\/span>
d. Ushtria, <\/strong>q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb masa m\u00eb e madhe dhe efektive e organizimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha rastet e fatkeq\u00ebsive, pa p\u00ebrjashtim.<\/span>
N\u00ebse ndodh q\u00eb t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcehen t\u00eb gjitha masat para-p\u00ebrgatitore, at\u00ebher\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet e urgjencave pas katastrofave. Ato ngrihen n\u00eb form\u00ebn e shtabeve t\u00eb urgjencave q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb, vend dhe synim t\u00eb caktuar (Ad hoc) n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb rasteve. K\u00ebto zakonisht k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb v\u00ebmendjen dhe angazhimin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb Qeveris\u00eb me plane veprimi, financa dhe mjete operative.<\/span>
Mir\u00ebpo, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 masave shtet\u00ebrore, pasi bie t\u00ebrmeti \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb dihet se si veprohet kur t\u00eb z\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti deri n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb vjen ndihma.<\/span><\/p>

Pik\u00ebs\u00ebpari kur bie t\u00ebrmet, t\u00eb synosh t\u00eb dal\u00ebsh n\u00eb rrug\u00eb gjat\u00eb l\u00ebkundjeve \u00ebsht\u00eb gj\u00ebja m\u00eb e gabuar. Aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb qytetet e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb sotme ku fal\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb \u00e7rregulluar n\u00eb nivel Bashkiak p\u00ebr tre 3 dekada me radh\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb rriten hap\u00ebsirat e ngushta urbane, objektet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb larta, distancat mes tyre gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb jasht\u00eb kushteve t\u00eb banimit n\u00eb territor, infrastruktura gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb e dob\u00ebt dhe e \u00e7organizuar.<\/span>
Duke vrapuar, gjat\u00eb l\u00ebkundjeve rrezikohet vetja q\u00eb t\u00eb rr\u00ebzohet nga humbja e ekuilibrit ose t\u00eb goditet nga sende t\u00eb forta q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shk\u00ebputen nga lart\u00ebsit\u00eb (vazo, antena, etj.). Vet\u00ebm pasi pushojn\u00eb l\u00ebkundjet mund t\u00eb organizohet dalja e banor\u00ebve n\u00eb mas\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u siguruar q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jan\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe struktura e godin\u00ebs dhe rrjetet inxhinierike t\u00eb saj (si ai i gazit, ai elektrik, etj.) nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb rrezik nga nj\u00eb goditje e dyt\u00eb e mundshme, q\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb raste t\u00eb caktuara.<\/span>
Brenda godinave t\u00eb sotme kafazi i shkall\u00ebve dhe katet e para s\u00eb bashku me bodrumet jan\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme dhe e sigurt\u00eb, si pjesa m\u00eb e fort\u00eb dhe kompakte e struktur\u00ebs mbajt\u00ebse t\u00eb objekteve shum\u00ebkat\u00ebsh n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimet me beton t\u00eb armuar. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb rastet e t\u00ebrmeteve shum\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm (mbi IX Ball\u00eb) kati p\u00ebrdhe mund t\u00eb shembet prandaj q\u00ebndrimi n\u00eb katet e para duhet shmangur. Gjithashtu, n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimet e ngjashme me ato t\u00eb Tiran\u00ebs sot, ku katet e para jan\u00eb me hap\u00ebsira tregtare me vetrata duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb kujdes, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht sepse rreziku p\u00ebr t\u2019u d\u00ebmtuar nga ciflat e xhamave, shkundjet e mobileris\u00eb (p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht me ekspoztor\u00eb e vitrina) dhe avarit\u00eb n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i lart\u00eb. N\u00ebse ndodh q\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti t\u00eb z\u00eb n\u00eb ambjente sht\u00ebpie, ajo q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb ruhet qet\u00ebsia, t\u00eb zihet nj\u00eb vend i sigurt ku nuk bien gj\u00ebra nga lart (si p.sh. posht\u00eb rafteve apo kontrabufeve) dhe maksimumi t\u00eb futesh posht\u00eb tavolin\u00ebs, krevatit apo thjesht posht\u00eb nj\u00eb dere p\u00ebr t\u2019u mbrojtur nga r\u00ebnia e mundshme e ndonj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb suvas\u00eb. Ruani qet\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe prisni aty deri kur t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb l\u00ebkundjet.<\/span><\/p>

N\u00eb rast t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve t\u00eb forta, n\u00ebse pas l\u00ebkundjeve gjenden persona t\u00eb l\u00ebnduar pran\u00eb jush, \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb njoftohet menj\u00ebher\u00eb urgjenca dhe t\u00eb mos preken t\u00eb l\u00ebnduarit deri sa t\u00eb vij\u00eb nj\u00eb person i kualifikuar q\u00eb t\u00eb veproj\u00eb. Tentativa t\u00eb caktuara nga persona t\u00eb pa-kualifikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb asistuar n\u00eb forma t\u00eb ndryshme persona t\u00eb plagosur por jasht\u00eb rreziqeve imediate p\u00ebr jet\u00eb, shpesh \u00e7ojn\u00eb n\u00eb d\u00ebmtimin e tyre t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm.<\/span>
P\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket panikut q\u00eb krijohet, duhet mbajtur parasysh q\u00eb duhet synuar ruajtja e qet\u00ebsis\u00eb pasi n\u00eb fund \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jap\u00eb sadopak mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar fillimisht veten dhe pastaj t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Frik\u00ebrat jan\u00eb irracionale dhe priren t\u00eb ri-th\u00ebrrasin n\u00eb mendjen e personit nd\u00ebshkimet imagjinare t\u00eb pritura nga veprime t\u00eb shkuara, t\u00eb padrejta n\u00eb gjykimin e tij. Kur nj\u00eb ngjarje e p\u00ebrbindshme si t\u00ebrmeti godet, krijohet nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebrim idesh i gabuar, ku veprimet e padrejta t\u00eb s\u00eb shkuar\u00ebs lidhen me ngjarjen e tashme, sikur ajo t\u00eb ishte nd\u00ebshkimi i posa\u00e7\u00ebm p\u00ebr to. Frika th\u00ebrret frik\u00ebrat e s\u00eb shkuar\u00ebs, prandaj dhe disa mb\u00ebrthehen m\u00eb fort se t\u00eb tjer\u00eb; prandaj dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt nuk mb\u00ebrthehen nga frika.<\/span>
Prandaj her\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr, ruani qet\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrqendrohuni t\u00eb b\u00ebni at\u00eb q\u00eb dini se mund t\u00eb b\u00ebni, pa kaluar mas\u00ebn.<\/span><\/p>

T\u00ebrmeti i dat\u00ebs 21 Shtator nuk ishte n\u00eb kategorin\u00eb e t\u00ebrmeteve shkat\u00ebrrimtare karakteristike p\u00ebr vendin ton\u00eb. Ai na sh\u00ebrbeu m\u00eb shum\u00eb si nj\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrim p\u00ebr masat p\u00ebrgatitore, sigurin\u00eb teknike t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimeve dhe p\u00ebr rritjen e nd\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsimit qytetar. Vet\u00ebdija p\u00ebr gjendjen \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb shp\u00ebton mendjen nga makthet dhe marr\u00ebzia.<\/span><\/p>

Tiran\u00eb, 01.10.2019<\/strong><\/span>
P.U.<\/strong> Kedis Burrja<\/a>
Ark.<\/strong> Sindi Toka<\/a><\/span>
Ark.<\/strong> Arnel Cela<\/a><\/span>
Ing.<\/strong> Armand Haxhia<\/a><\/span>
Ing.<\/strong> Elias Nikolli<\/a><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

01.10.2019 | nyje.al\u00a0 Sot u ndje fuqia godit\u00ebse e nj\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb goditi 1km larg Durr\u00ebsit n\u00eb or\u00ebn 12:22 me magnitud\u00eb 3.7 (III Ball\u00eb) q\u00eb u ndje shum\u00eb leht\u00eb edhe n\u00eb Tiran\u00eb, kryesisht n\u00eb katet e larta t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtesave. N\u00eb vazhd\u00ebn e \u201cl\u00ebkundjeve q\u00eb vijn\u00eb si pasoj\u00eb e l\u00ebvizjeve\u201d, jemi mbledhur nj\u00eb grup shkencor i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga profesionist\u00eb t\u00eb fushave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb Nd\u00ebrtimit dhe Zhvillimit Urban me synimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur nj\u00eb vrojtim t\u00eb shkurtuar shkencor dhe edukativ rreth t\u00ebrmeteve q\u00eb u ndjen\u00eb pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb jav\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe panikut publik q\u00eb pasoi n\u00eb kryeqytet dhe zona t\u00eb tjera pran\u00eb. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjeje duam t\u2019i japim lexuesve nj\u00eb panoram\u00eb t\u00eb fenomenit t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u2019i ndihmoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar mbi situat\u00ebn dhe rrjedhimisht zvog\u00ebluar panikun duke ruajtur qet\u00ebsin\u00eb n\u00eb rast p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjeje. Na duhet t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb se t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e m\u00ebposhtme nuk e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr informim publik nga ana e autoriteteve shtet\u00ebrore, mediave apo instituteve komb\u00ebtare e nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. T\u00ebrmeti q\u00eb goditi Durr\u00ebsin m\u00eb dat\u00eb 21 shtator, me vendndodhje rreth 1.5 km larg bregut n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi t\u00eb Rezervatit n\u00eb Rrushkull (29 km n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi), i nj\u00eb magnitude prej 5.8 Rihter dhe intensitet VII t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb Merkalit t\u00eb modifikuar, u ndje me dhjet\u00ebra kilometra larg e u pasua nga nj\u00eb i dyt\u00eb 11 minuta m\u00eb von\u00eb me 5.3 Rihter ose VI Ball\u00eb t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb Merkalit (38 km n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi). Gjat\u00eb jav\u00ebs u ndjen\u00eb edhe t\u00ebrmete t\u00eb tjera m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla (nga gjithsej 62 t\u00eb regjistruara, 45 prej t\u00eb cilave vet\u00ebm n\u00eb dy dit\u00ebt n\u00eb vijim), por vet\u00ebm disa prej tyre mund t\u00eb dalloheshin nga shqisat e njeriut.T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr regjistrimin e t\u00ebrmeteve jan\u00eb marr\u00eb nga Instituti i Gjeoshkencave, Energjis\u00eb, Ujit dhe Mjedisit – http:\/\/www.geo.edu.al\/newweb\/?fq=hartatotal Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb n\u00eb media publike, t\u00eb shtypit dhe dixhitale, u shp\u00ebrnda nj\u00eb lajm q\u00eb parashikonte ndodhin\u00eb e nj\u00eb t\u00ebrmeti t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb or\u00eb t\u00eb von\u00eb t\u00eb mbr\u00ebmjes pasuar nga lajme t\u00eb fryra q\u00eb i rend\u00ebn pas. K\u00ebshtu ndodhi edhe me mediatizimin q\u00eb iu b\u00eb stuhis\u00eb s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb vjesht\u00ebs dy dit\u00ebt e para t\u00eb jav\u00ebs vijuese, t\u00eb cilat edhe pse ishin paralajm\u00ebruar q\u00eb 5 dit\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt, fal\u00eb lidhjes mediatike bes\u00ebtytnore me t\u00ebrmetet i shtuan panik dhe konfuzion situat\u00ebs n\u00eb vend. P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb mir\u00eb apo jo, rrjedhoja e gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj qe vet\u00ebm paniku i shtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb situat\u00eb t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn njer\u00ebzit nuk qen\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur. U vu re gjithashtu nj\u00eb munges\u00eb njohurie mbi fenomenin e t\u00ebrmetit, si nga ana konceptuale ashtu edhe me termat n\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrshkruhet. Le ta trajtojm\u00eb pak fenomenin. T\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb l\u00ebkundje n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e tok\u00ebs q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb dhe objektet e lidhura me t\u00eb si rrug\u00eb, godina, ura, shtylla infrastrukture, pem\u00eb, etj. K\u00ebto l\u00ebkundje shkaktohen nga fenomene t\u00eb ndryshme fizike q\u00eb shoq\u00ebrohen me \u00e7lirim energjie n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb (lito-sfera, nga greqishtja litos-gur, shtresa m\u00eb e fort\u00eb shk\u00ebmbore e akumuluar n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e planetit). L\u00ebkundjet p\u00ebrcillen n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb n\u00eb trajt\u00ebn e val\u00ebve sizmike. Shkenca q\u00eb merret me studimin e t\u00ebrmeteve njihet si Sizmologjia.Fenomenet q\u00eb i shkaktojn\u00eb t\u00ebrmetet i ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb dy kategori sipas shkakut: me origjin\u00eb natyrore dhe njer\u00ebzore. T\u00ebrmetet me origjin\u00eb natyrore, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb ato t\u00eb shkaktuara nga l\u00ebvizja e pllakave tektonike, shp\u00ebrthimet vullkanike, l\u00ebvizjet magmatike, rr\u00ebshqitjet masive t\u00eb dheut, etj. jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fortat dhe t\u00eb rrezikshmet. Ato me origjin\u00eb njer\u00ebzore (antropogjene) q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00ebrmetet nga shp\u00ebrthimet masive, nga shp\u00ebrthimet gjat\u00eb shpimeve p\u00ebr naft\u00eb, nga shp\u00ebrthimet b\u00ebrthamore, etj., n\u00eb krahasim me fenomenet natyrore konsiderohen m\u00eb t\u00eb buta dhe t\u00eb menaxhueshme nga perspektiva e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit. T\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme. Num\u00ebrohen rreth 500’000 t\u00ebrmete \u00e7do vit, 100’000 prej t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb t\u00eb dallueshme me trup. Ka dy sisteme kryesore p\u00ebr matjen e efekteve t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve:1. me baz\u00eb intensitetin – dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb kategori q\u00eb rendisin efektet shkat\u00ebrruese t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve nga m\u00eb t\u00eb voglat deri te m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhat\u00eb. Nj\u00ebsia mat\u00ebse e intensitetit t\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve i referohet ekuacioneve t\u00eb vullkanologut italian Giuzeppe Mercalli t\u00eb modifikuara p\u00ebr standardet e sotme. K\u00ebto shkall\u00eb sh\u00ebnohen zakonisht me numra romak, nd\u00ebrkaq n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri ndarjet e k\u00ebtij kategorizimi shprehen me Ball\u00eb.2. me baz\u00eb magnitud\u00ebn \u2013 9 intervale numerike q\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtuar shprehin amplitud\u00ebn e l\u00ebkundjes dhe energjin\u00eb e \u00e7liruar n\u00eb distanc\u00eb nga burimi i t\u00ebrmetit. Nj\u00ebsia mat\u00ebse e magnitud\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00ebrmeteve \u00ebsht\u00eb Rihter, marr\u00ebveshje n\u00eb nder t\u00eb sizmologut amerikan Charles Francis Richter. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb baz\u00ebs logaritmike t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs, rritja me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb magnitud\u00eb, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson rritje 10 her\u00eb n\u00eb amplitud\u00eb dhe rreth 30 her\u00eb n\u00eb energji t\u00eb \u00e7liruar. Nga natyra e fenomenit t\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb T\u00cb PAPARASHIKUESHME n\u00eb koh\u00eb, vend dhe fuqi – ato jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb pritshme n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, vendit dhe fuqis\u00eb me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kan\u00eb goditur n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur fal\u00eb koh\u00ebs miliona vje\u00e7are t\u00eb cikleve litologjike (shk\u00ebmb-formuese) n\u00eb krahasim me jet\u00ebgjat\u00ebsin\u00eb e njeriut. Hartat sizmike ekzistojn\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb gjenden leht\u00eb.Zona t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb planetit kan\u00eb ngjarje sizmike me magnitud\u00eb dhe perioda t\u00eb ndryshme: p.sh. i gjith\u00eb territori i republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Shqip\u00ebris\u00eb luhatet nga intensiteti VI deri n\u00eb IX. Prof. Dr. Luljeta Bozo (Inxhiniere Nd\u00ebrtimi) krahas pozicionit gjeografik midis dy pllakave tektonike (Euroaziatike dhe Afrikane) thekson ekzistenc\u00ebn e tre \u00e7arjeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha tektonike n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb: ajo e bregdetit veri-jug, Shkup-Dib\u00ebr e Madhe-Tepelen\u00eb, dhe ajo Kor\u00e7\u00eb-Pogradec-Greqi. K\u00ebto \u00e7arje jan\u00eb identifikuar qart\u00eb nga Instituti i Sizmologjik n\u00eb botimin Seismic Regionalization of the PSR of Albania, Academy of Science – Seismological Center, Tirana: 1980. Nga I deri n\u00eb III Ball\u00eb (intensiteti 1.0-3.9) t\u00ebrmetet jan\u00eb nga t\u00eb pandjeshme deri n\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeshme lehtsh\u00ebm dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb pad\u00ebmshme p\u00ebr strukturat e godinave civile. Nga IV deri n\u00eb IX Ball\u00eb (4.0-6.9 Rihter) jan\u00eb t\u00eb rrezikshme deri n\u00eb vdekjeprurese por t\u00eb menaxhueshme nga njeriu. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrfshihen t\u00eb gjitha kategorit\u00eb t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb mbijetohen nga njer\u00ebzit. Nga IX deri n\u00eb XII Ball\u00eb (mbi 7.0 Rihter) nuk ka m\u00eb dor\u00eb njeriu q\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyj\u00eb n\u00eb situat\u00eb dhe n\u00ebse i shp\u00ebton gjall\u00eb probabilitetit gati t\u00eb pamundur ndodh vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fatit.T\u00ebrmetet shkaktojn\u00eb d\u00ebme me kosto shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha riparimi ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht 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